XML

On Wednesday 12th November 2014,

We all learned about XML. So,

What is XML?

XML is a file extension for an Extensible Markup Language(XML) file format used to create common information formats and share both the format and the data on the World Wide Web, intranets and elsewhere using standard ASCII text.

What are the comparisons between XML and HTML(HyperText Markup Language)?

XML is similar to HTML. Both XML and HTML contain markup symbols to describe the contents of a page or file. HTML, however, describes the content of a Web page (mainly text and graphic images) only in terms of how it is to be displayed and interacted with. For example, the letter "p" placed within markup tags starts a new paragraph.

XML describes the content in terms of what data is being described. For example, the word "phonenum" placed within markup tags could indicate that the data that followed was a phone number. An XML file can be processed purely as data by a program or it can be stored with similar data on another computer or it can be displayed, like an HTML file. For example, depending on how the application in the receiving computer wanted to handle the phone number, it could be stored, displayed, or dialed.

XML is considered extensible because, unlike HTML, the markup symbols are unlimited and self-defining. XML is a simpler and easier-to-use subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) standard for how to create a document structure. It is expected that HTML and XML will be used together in many Web applications. XML markup, for example, may appear within an HTML page.

Definition:

• Markup  is the characters and codes that change a text document into an XML or other Markup Language document. This includes the < and > characters as well as the elements and attributes of a document. 
• Nesting is placing one element inside another. When two tags are opened, they must be closed in the reverse order.
• Parent is an XML element that contains another element.
• Tag is the markup characters that indicate the start or end of an element - but not the element content itself.

Internet and web history

internet history and growth

what is internet??

*this is taken from wikipedia*

The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).

Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.

Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.

Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.[1] Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.

well actually there are more complex things that we learn regarding this topic.

such as the victorian internet:

brief history about the internet:

the universal resource locater:

problems and solutions about the internet:

which mainly explain about the problems they have when inventing the early internet, the connections, the server into which that taht we know until now.

TCP/IP:

IP address:

PDB

What is PDB actually?

Actually it stands for Protein Data Bank. It is a repository for 3-D biological macromolecular structure and these data are available for public usage. This data bank includes proteins, nucleic acids and viruses. The data was submitted by biologist and biochemist from around the world.

There are some software tools to reduce the amount of manual labour and helps to deposit the scientist results quicker.

Software tools	Function
pdb_extract	Extract information from the output of standard crystallographic programs
AutoDep Input Tool (ADIT)	Used for assembling, editing, validating and deposition structural data
PDB Validation Suite	Creates reports based upon the validation results

Today, we observed the website of PDB and look at the structure of some of the protein there.

some of the structure of proteins in the Protein Data Bank

SMILES

Well, we sure do a lot of smiles today :D

What is SMILES anyway?

• It is actually the initials of Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification. It is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings.

Surely we have some difficulties to learn this thing, but Alhamdulillah, we manage to overcome that problem. Experience make us better right?

When writing the chemical formula of the compound, there are some rules need to be applied such as how to write the bonds.

Type of bond	Symbol
Single*	-
Double	=
Triple	#
Aromatic*	:

*can be omitted

The SMILES is used on the CHEMSKETCH by acd lab. It is on the previous post. So, it is simple for us to get our hands on this application :)

This is the link to download the chemsketch in case you guys are interested. Surely, it is INTERESTING!!

HTML

Today, we are a little bit exhausted in our computer class. Guess what, we are doing HTML coding! It is really interesting since it is our first time using the WordPad to make a HTML coding. although it is complicated, it is very fun to deal with.

what is HTML actually?

-HTML comes from the initials of hypertext markup language.

what does HTML do?

it describes the appearance, layout and content of a website.

well, here is the link to refer some of the HTML coding.

before the end of the class, we need to create a table for the name of the Head of Department for every course in Kuliyyah of Science.

Department	Head of Department
BIOTECHNOLOGY	Dr. Noor Faizul Hadry Bin Nordin
MARINE SCIENCE	Normawaty binti Mohammad Noor
PLANT SCIENCE	Mohd Shukor Nordin
CHEMISTRY	Dr. Wan Khartini Binti Wan Abdul Khodir
PHYSICS	Dr. Jesni bin Shamsul Shaari
CTS	Dr. Pah Chin Hee

this is an example of simple html coding:

the website that provide some html coding for the public. IT'S FREE!! :D